Basic Introduction to Electronics
Electronic science is a science that studies all weak current electrical equipment whose operation is by controlling the flow of electrons / electrically charged particles in an electronic device such as computers, thermocouples, radios, televisions, semiconductors and others. Electronic science is included in one of the main branches of science, namely physics, is currently in the manufacture, shape and design of circuits or microchips into the branches of electrical engineering, computers, and instrumentation electronics science or engineering.
Electronic Devices .
All equipment that uses basic electronic devices is called electronic devices as you often see in everyday life for example computers, laptops, televisions, radios, telephones, smartphones, tablets and so on.
Electronic components.
In the form of a tool in the form of objects that are part of supporting an electronic circuit that can work according to its use. Starting from those attached directly to the circuit board in the form of PCB, CCB, Protoboard and Veroboard by soldering or not sticking directly to the circuit board (with other connecting devices, such as cables).
Electronic components.
it consists of one or more electronic materials, which consist of one or several elements of material and if put together, for the desired circuit design to function according to the function of each component, there are those to regulate current and voltage, equalize currents, insulate currents, amplify current signals and many other functions.
History of electronics.
Starting from the 20th century, involving three main components, namely vacuum tubes (vacuum tubes), transistors and integrated circuits (integrated circuit). In 1883, Thomas Alva Edison succeeded in discovering that electrons can move from one conductor to another through a vacuum. This discovery of conduction or displacement is known as the Ediosn effect. In 1904, John Fleming applied the Edison effect to discover a two-element electron tube known as a diode, and Lee De Forest followed suit in 1906 with a three-element tube, called a triode. Vacuum tubes are devices made to manipulate possible electrical energy so that it can be amplified and transmitted.
The first electron tube applications were applied in the field of radio communications. Guglielmo Marconi pioneered the development of a wireless telegraph in 1896 and long-distance radio communications in 1901. In 1918, Edwin Armstrong invented a "super-heterodyne" receiver that could select radio signals or stations and could receive signals over long distances. Armstrong also invented wide-band FM frequency modulation in 1935; previously only used AM or amplitude modulation in the 1920 to 1935 range. Bell Laboratories released television to the public in 1927, and it is still an electromechanical form. When electronic systems became a guarantee of quality, Bell Labs engineers introduced the cathode ray picture tube and color television. But Vladimir Zworykin, an engineer at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), is considered the "father of television" for his invention, the picture tube and the tube iconoscope camera. By the mid-1950s, television had passed the radio for home use and entertainment.
After the war, electron tubes were used to develop the first computers, but these tubes were impractical because of the size of the electronic components. In 1947, the transistor was invented by a team of engineers from Bell Laboratories. The transistor functions like a vacuum tube, but is smaller, lighter, consumes less power, and is more powerful, and is cheaper to manufacture due to the combination of a metal connector and a semiconductor material.
Integrated circuit concept.
proposed in 1952 by Geoffrey W. A. Dummer, a British electronics expert with his Royal Radar Establishment. In 1961, integrated circuits became full production by a number of companies, and equipment designs changed rapidly and in several different directions to adapt the technology.
Analog Circuit.
Or Analog circuit is a type of electronic circuit that is used to process signals or signals that are continuous. The change in signal in this Analog circuit is gradually covering all points at the maximum and minimum signal amplitudes. This is in contrast to the nature of digital signals, where the signal is of only two levels: high (stating 1) and low (stating 0).
An example of an analog circuit is:
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| beis.de analog circuit |
amplifier.
Operational amplifier / (Operational Amplifier), including negative feedback.
Girator .
Digital electronics.
Is an electronic system that uses digital signals. Digital electronics is a representation of Boolean algebra and is used in computers, cell phones and other consumer products. In a digital circuit, the signal is represented by one of two conditions, namely 1 (high, active, true,) and 0 (low, inactive, false). Or if represented in voltage 1 can mean maximum voltage (generally 5 V or 3 V) and 0 means minimum voltage (generally 0 v, but some are 2.5 V). This is due to the variance of the material from which it is made.
Examples of digital circuits are:
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| Digital Circuit Electronic |
- Logic gates
- (DL, RTL, RTL, DTL, TTL, ECL, CMOS, NMOS, HMOS)
- Flip-flop
- Binary counter (English: counter)
- Register
- Multiplexer (MUX) and DEMUX
- Binary Adder, Binary Subtractor & Binary Multiplier (Multiplier)
- Microprocessor
- Microcontroller
- ADC, DAC, Atmel AVR
- Digital signal processor (DSP)
- FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array), ASIC, FPAA, Embedded-FPGA, CPLD
- All kinds of digital computers: super computers, mainframes, mini computers, desktop personal computers, laptops, PDAs, Smart cards, smart phones, etc.
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| Multitester Analog |
- Ohm-meter
- Ampere-meter
- voltmeter
- Multimeter
- Analog/Digital Multimeter
- Oscilloscope
- Function generator
- Digital Signal Analyzer
- Spectrum meter